

J.G. Bertrand
Becca Tzigany (see below)
Mythology Notes
|
RETURN OF MORGAINE
Long ago at the fairies' hour
Men clad their hearts in armor
Bring to our lips the Chalice
There gleam again through the mists
Slice a tart, juicy apple
Ever clearer in our vision
|
RETURN OF MORGAINE
James: This painting was as elusive as Avalon in the mists. It originated through Becca’s request for a strong feminine piece. Once I had put the five women there, we studied the painting and asked ourselves, “Who are these women? What are they doing here?” One afternoon, having lunch on our Tuscan patio, Becca began talking about the significance of the cauldron. Consulting our references, she exclaimed, “The cauldron of Cerridwen!” OK, I would paint a cauldron. That set the Celtic tone. The head-to-toe pose of the central woman had not set well with me, and I immediately realized she could be rising out of a cauldron. Then we realized who she was – Morgaine! So I painted Camelot in the background while Becca researched the history of the legend. When I brought it home finished to hang on the wall, Becca reacted with a reserved look on her face. “Not finished yet,” she proclaimed. We spent evenings gazing at it, until the characters told us who they were – the red woman is the Crone, Venus the Mother, the yogini is the Maiden/Virgin. Aha! the Triple Goddess! Then the yogini’s hand in the air needed something . . . Excalibur! We did several rounds of this (adding the Holy Grail, plate, crystal wand, apple) until – finally – we both agreed it was finished.
Morgaine, through a sensual encounter with the Triple Goddess, transforms herself. She comes through the cauldron into human form to help those who want to return to Avalon, in other words, to regain the Earth wisdom of the higher dimensions. There’s so much imagery, I almost wish it were a larger piece. Yet, once again, I feel privileged in righting a misrepresentation of a beautiful pagan witch. Morgaine, as a pagan priestess, would have had a tolerant approach toward other religious belief systems, yet the Christianized myth demonized her, as it has been for so many pagan women, priestesses, and goddesses. They were feared as “wicked old witches”. Not anymore! Here’s to your return, Morgaine!
Becca: I had substantial time to study the Arthurian legend - I read several versions of the King Arthur story as well as the 877 pages of The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley – all the while contemplating the painting and fielding ideas with James. By the time I wrote the poem (at Samhain, no less!), I had reached the conclusion that the significance of the sword in the stone, Excalibur, Guinevere’s and Lancelot’s adultery, Nimue’s bewitching of Merlin, Morgaine’s motives for challenging Arthur, and many other events in the epic had been shaped to fit a Christian context. We know that history is written by the victors – and legends, too. Marion Zimmer Bradley’s feminist and Celtic point of view reveals the story of the triumph of a Roman Catholic patriarchy over the Druidic spiritual tradition and pagan tribal society. It was the “fate” of Morgaine, as a Druid high priestess, to defend the old values of Earth wisdom and goddess worship. “Long ago” when the magical realm of Avalon was wiped out, knights in armor fought, religious “kingdoms rose”, political “empires fell”.
My poem takes place when the long night of the dominator culture is ending. Once again, we are at the “fairy hour” (twilight), the pause between day and night and life and death, when fairies can work their magic. Fairies customarily included pagan gods and goddesses, tribal ancestors, or adepts at herbology, clairvoyance, working with elementals, and other occult practices. In a pagan matriarchy, sexuality and femininity were celebrated. In my poem, references to the yin, receptive, nurturing womb run in parallel to their more literal and traditional meanings: the vessel, chalice, sacred well, cauldron. The Chalice also relates to the Holy Grail. It is one of the Holy Regalia of the Druids, which I mention: cup for water, plate for earth, sword for fire, and wand for air. “Druid” means “oak-wise”, so I mention the “magic groves”. To destroy the Earth religion, the Church cut down their sacred oak groves. Apples, sacred to Venus and the namesake of Avalon, have five seeds in their center. According to Barbara Walker in The Women’s Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets, “Just as Kore the Virgin was hidden in the heart of the Mother Earth.... and represented the World Soul, so her pentacle was hidden in the apple.” Cerridwen is the Celtic goddess of death and transformation. The Celtic oral tradition was held by the bards, who called themselves “sons of Cerridwen”, Merlin being her most famous son. Her cauldron yielded reincarnation, regeneration, and inspiration. At the end of the poem, Morgaine revives the Celtic tradition by “picking up her harp and playing”.
I imagined the poem like a ballad for one of these bards, and so chose syllabic verse reminiscent of a limerick, rhyming abccb dd e. It turned out to be five stanzas long, in keeping with the tantric number 5, I guess.
I address the poem to Morgaine using some of her names. She was regarded as a “Fairy” (“Fay”). Latin fatare = enchant, and Old French faer = fear (as earth spirits were later feared), so those words name her, too. As high priestess, she would also have been “Lady of the Lake”. Her final sobriquet invokes her power of “miracles”, which we could use during our time of transition, our own “fairies’ hour”.
© 2004 Copyrighted material |
MORGAINE (Morgan le Faye, Fata Morgana). British/Celtic
King Arthur sits on the throne of Camelot, much to the dismay of his sister Morgaine. She wishes to rule and is willing to use all her powers as sorceress to attain the throne. Excalibur is a magical sword that protects its owner; as long as it is in Arthur’s hands, he will never be defeated in battle.
As the king’s sister, Morgaine comes and goes freely at Camelot, so one night when all is quiet at the castle, she sneaks into the king’s room and steals Excalibur, replacing it with a copy.
The next day, she brings news: “Dear brother, there is a knight on his way here who aims to destroy you and the Knights of the Round Table. I know for a fact that he has already imprisoned other noble knights. His armor is black, and he is a fierce fighter.”
“Not to worry, my sister,” Arthur replies, patting the sword at his side, “for I have Excalibur, and it never fails me in a just cause.”
“Just be careful, brother,” she warns him. “Wear your full armor for protection.”
Sure enough, the knight in black arrives. He is Accolon, the lover of Morgaine. She knows that once Arthur is dead, Accolon can ascend to the throne with her. The conniving witch tells him, “There is a pretender to the throne at Camelot. His armor is all white. Your king, my brother, asks that you battle him. Here, take this sword; I have imbued it with my magical powers and it will protect you.”
“I will defend Arthur,” Accolon agrees.
When the two warriors confront each other, their faces are hidden by their visors. They exchange blows, with much clanging of swords. To Arthur’s astonishment, he receives several hard strikes, and his sword seems no match for his opponent’s. When the black knight delivers a direct blow to his sword, it breaks into pieces. “This is not Excalibur!” Arthur cries. “How . . . ?” It then dawns on him that he has been tricked by his evil sister.
Arthur rages at the black knight, bowling him over. When the sword is knocked out of his hand, Arthur grabs it. Instantly he feels the power of Excalibur and delivers a death blow to his opponent.
As the black knight lies dying on the ground, Arthur opens his visor. “Accolon!” he cries, recognizing one of his knights. Morgaine, who has been watching the battle from a distance, retreats to the forest, where she will conjure up another wicked plan for getting rid of her brother. Her son, Mordred, is coming into manhood, and will be next in line for the throne once Arthur is dead. For the moment, however, Camelot is safe under the leadership of good King Arthur.
((( )))
Though probably descended from the Morrigan, the Celtic Triple Goddess, Morgaine is most commonly associated with the Arthurian legend of 6th century Britain. King Arthur was likely a real person who united the British tribes to drive back the Saxon invasion after the Romans withdrew. This was also the time of the Christianizing of the British Isles, as the old Celtic religion lost sway. The saga of King Arthur, his chivalrous Knights of the Round Table, and the idyllic court of Camelot were kept alive through the bardic tradition in the Dark and Middle Ages. Even today we recognize the characters of Camelot: Queen Guinevere and her lover Lancelot; Arthur’s son/nephew Mordred, who killed him; Sir Gawain; Sir Galahad; Sir Percivale; as well as those of Avalon: Merlin the magician; Vivianne, the Lady of the Lake who legitimized Arthur’s reign with the sword Excalibur; the shape-shifter Nimue, and Arthur’s sister Morgaine.
As the legend goes, Morgaine is a fairy creature and wicked sorceress who schemes to bring down Arthur, steal Excalibur, and take over Camelot. She wants to install her son/nephew Mordred on the throne. Even using her magical powers for her evil plot, she does not succeed, though she does create dissension among the Knights of the Round Table. Portraying Morgaine as a wicked witch would have been a natural re-invention of the story through a Christian lens. Whether historical person or legendary character, a Druid high priestess was the personification of evil on many counts: a powerful, learned woman; head of a “barbaric” religion; protector of Nature; a sexually self-possessed and free female. For the conquering Christians, Morgaine had to be portrayed as a villainess in the tale.
Another main theme of the Arthurian legend is the quest for the Holy Grail. In a goddess-worshipping culture, the chalice is the archetypal symbol of the Feminine. As a Christian relic, it is considered the cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper. In the Druidic tradition, it is part of the Holy Regalia: the cup (representing the element water), the plate (earth), the wand/spear (air), and the sword (fire). This chalice appears before Arthur’s court at Pentecost (at the time of the pagan festival of Beltane), enchanting everyone present with its beautiful light and awesome power. The knights leave the Round Table seeking the Grail to bring it back to Camelot, and many die on this quest. Galahad, the purest of the knights, does eventually find it, and dies in ecstasy with the vision of it.
In Avalon, the “Island of Apples” where peace and happiness reigned, the apples of immortality grow. When Mordred and Arthur mortally wound each other in a sword fight, a barge carrying three draped women appears from the mists to take the noble Arthur to Avalon, from whence he will return in Britain’s hour of need. Hence his name, “the Once and Future King”. Morgaine, as the Celtic death crone aspect of the Goddess, is one of the three women (the Triple Goddess, the Morrigan) who cares for the dead hero, and returns him to Avalon. Morgaine’s “Fortunate Isles” mysteriously disappeared into the mists, as the power of the Church at Glastonbury became established.
§§ To further contemplate the Triple Goddess, see also: "The Trinity" in The Birthing of Venus and Her Lover. §§ See also: MERLIN, NIMUE
Appears in: Return of Morgaine _____________________________
Excerpted from The Pillow Book of Venus and Her Lover - Reinventing the Myth by Becca Tzigany and James Bertrand
|